Physics Calculators: Mechanics, Circuits, Thermodynamics & Flow
Find calculators for kinematics, simple harmonic motion, Ohm’s law, RLC AC impedance, thermal efficiency, and Bernoulli pipe flow.
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| Goal and tool | Required inputs | How to check |
|---|---|---|
| Velocity and displacement at constant acceleration → | Initial velocity, acceleration, time and units | Check sign direction and distance vs. displacement |
| Voltage V, current I, resistance R and power P → | Any two known values among V, I, R and P | Check mA/kΩ prefixes and P = VI = I²R |
| RLC impedance Z, phase angle and resonance f₀ → | Resistance R, inductance L, capacitance C and frequency f | Check inductive/capacitive phase and X_L = X_C |
| Thermal efficiency η, Carnot limit and COP → | Reservoir temperatures and matched heat/work units | Convert to kelvin (K) and check Q_H = W + Q_C |
| Flow velocity and pressure via Bernoulli & continuity → | Fluid density, pipe diameters, velocity, pressure and head | Check pressure reference and inviscid steady-flow assumptions |
| Period T, frequency and energy in simple harmonic motion → | Mass m, spring constant k (or length L) and amplitude A | Check ω = √(k/m) and small-angle approximation |
Align sign conventions, kelvin vs. Celsius, J vs. W, and Hz vs. rad/s. Results do not include effects excluded from the idealized model such as friction or pipe head loss.
18 calculators
Constant Acceleration
Calculate velocity and displacement from initial velocity, constant acceleration and time, with unit conversion and worked steps.
Significant Figures Calculator
Count significant figures, round to a chosen precision, and apply the multiplication/division or addition/subtraction rules. Switch between half-up and JIS Z 8401 half-even rounding; scientific notation is shown alongside.
Equivalent Resistance Calculator
Compute the equivalent resistance of resistors in series or parallel with fully substituted working. Handles 2 to 4 resistors and cross-checks the two-resistor parallel shortcut R₁R₂ ÷ (R₁ + R₂) — handy for physics circuits.
Half-Life Calculator
Compute the remaining amount after any elapsed time with N = N₀ × (1/2)^(t/T). Includes carbon-14 dating (5730 years) and drug-metabolism examples, plus the remaining percentage, half-lives elapsed and the decay constant λ.
Ohm's Law Calculator
Enter any two of voltage V, current I, resistance R and power P to compute the other two via V = IR and P = VI. All six combinations with substituted working — pairs naturally with the equivalent resistance tool.
Projectile Motion Calculator
Calculate peak height, flight time, horizontal range, and impact velocity for projectile motion and horizontal projection from initial speed, angle, initial height, and gravity. Includes SVG trajectory plots, worked solutions, and state at time t.
Heat & Specific Heat Calculator
Calculate heat with Q = mcΔT, heat capacity with Q = CΔT, the final temperature when two objects mix, and latent heat with Q = mL. Shows unit conversions (J, kJ, cal, kcal, g, kg), the working and whether heat is absorbed or released.
Pressure, Water Pressure & Buoyancy Calculator
Calculate pressure p = F ÷ S, water pressure p = ρgh and buoyancy F = ρVg (Archimedes’ principle) with unit conversion for N, g, kg, cm², m², Pa, hPa, kPa, g/cm³, kg/m³, cm³, m³ and L. Shows the working, total pressure including the atmosphere, and whether an object floats or sinks.
Doppler Effect Calculator
Calculate Doppler effect frequency, wavelength, and pitch shifts for moving sound sources and observers. Includes temperature-dependent sound speed (V = 331.5 + 0.6t), wind correction, wall echoes, beat frequencies, and speed detection from frequencies with worked steps.
Thin Lens Calculator
Calculate image distance, magnification, and orientation (real/virtual, inverted/upright) using the thin lens equation (1/a + 1/b = 1/f) and ray tracing. Includes eyeglass diopters and compound lens systems.
Snell’s Law & Refraction Calculator
Calculate refraction angles, relative refractive index, speed ratio, and wavelength ratio using Snell’s law (n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂). Includes total internal reflection (TIR) verification, critical angle (θc), Snell’s window radius, and optical fiber numerical aperture (NA) with ray tracing.
Wave Optics & Light Interference Calculator
Calculate Young’s double-slit experiment (fringe spacing, path difference, intensity profile), diffraction grating (grating pitch, diffraction angle, max order, angular dispersion), and thin-film interference (phase reversal, visible interference colors, anti-reflection coating) with real-time spectrum simulation.
Simple Harmonic Motion & Pendulum Calculator
Calculate simple pendulum periods (T = 2π√(L/g), Borda’s finite-amplitude correction, gravity inversion), spring-mass oscillators (series & parallel effective stiffness, vertical equilibrium stretch), and general harmonic waveforms (displacement, velocity, acceleration phase shifts & conserved mechanical energy) with interactive simulations.
Error Propagation Calculator
Find the uncertainty of a formula result from measured values and their uncertainties. Shows each measurement’s contribution through partial derivatives, the root sum of squares and the maximum error, and a value ± uncertainty rounded to significant digits.
RLC Circuit & Resonance Calculator
Calculate impedance Z, phase angle θ, resonance frequency f₀, Q factor, current, and component voltage drops for series and parallel RLC circuits with interactive phasor diagrams, resonance curves, and reverse LC tuning.
Circular Motion & Centripetal Force Calculator
Calculate angular velocity ω, period T, rpm, tangential velocity v, centripetal acceleration, and force F for uniform circular motion. Features centrifuge RCF (×g) conversion, vehicle bank angle, and vertical loop dynamics.
Fluid Dynamics & Bernoulli Calculator
Calculate pipe flow velocity, dynamic pressure, pressure drop, and total head using Bernoulli’s principle and continuity equation. Features Venturi/Pitot flow meters, Torricelli tank discharge/drainage time. Ideal-fluid study model; no cavitation diagnosis.
Heat Engine, Carnot Cycle & COP Calculator
Calculate Carnot cycle maximum theoretical efficiency (η = 1 - TC/TH), actual heat engine work/heat rejection/Second Law feasibility (entropy generation), Otto & Diesel air-standard cycles, and heat pump/refrigeration COP with absolute temperature conversion and interactive energy flow Sankey diagrams.
Worked examples and guides
GuideGuide to Error Propagation: Formulas, Partial Derivatives, and Uncertainty Reporting
Master error propagation and uncertainty synthesis for science and engineering lab reports. Covers addition/subtraction, multiplication/division, power rules, general partial derivatives, root-sum-of-squares vs worst-case bounds, and GUM significant figure rounding with worked examples.
GuideHow to Count Significant Figures and Apply the Rounding Rules
Count significant figures correctly, handle zeros, choose between half-up and half-even rounding, and apply the multiplication/division and addition/subtraction rules with worked examples.
GuideSimple Harmonic Motion & Pendulum Period: Equations, Experiments & Energy
Master simple harmonic motion: pendulum period T = 2π√(L/g), Borda’s finite amplitude correction, lab gravity inversion g = 4π²L/T², spring series and parallel stiffness, vertical equilibrium stretch, and phase relationships (90°/180°) with energy conservation.
GuideHow to Use Ohm’s Law: Voltage, Current, Resistance and Power
Learn to use Ohm’s law V = IR to find voltage, current and resistance, plus the three power formulas P = VI, P = I²R and P = V²/R — with a 6-pair lookup table, comparison charts, and worked LED resistor examples.
GuideThermal and Carnot Efficiency: Worked Examples and COP
Compare W/QH with 1−TC/TH using explicit inputs. Check Celsius-to-kelvin conversion, kW versus MW, matched-condition COP and calculator examples.
GuideBernoulli Equation: Velocity, Pressure, Flow and Limits
Reproduce pipe-flow, Venturi, Pitot and tank-drainage examples with stated inputs and units. Check pressure reference, the 183.16 kPa pipe result and the limits of the ideal-fluid model.
GuideCircular Motion & Centripetal Force: Formulas, Centrifuge RCF, Bank Angles & Loops
Master uniform circular motion calculations: angular velocity ω, period T, rpm, speed v, centripetal acceleration a, and force F. Understand centripetal vs centrifugal force, laboratory centrifuge RCF (×g) conversion, highway bank angles, and vertical loop clearance physics.
GuideDoppler Effect Calculations: Signs, Reflection and Conditions
Master the Doppler effect formula for moving sources and observers: how to choose plus and minus signs, sound speed adjustments for air temperature and wind, wall reflection echoes and beat frequencies, and reverse velocity calculations with worked physics examples.
GuideHow to Calculate Heat: Q = mcΔT, Thermal Equilibrium and Latent Heat
Learn when to use Q = mcΔT, Q = CΔT, energy conservation when mixing, or Q = mL for a phase change. Includes unit conversion (g and kg, J and cal, K and °C), mixing temperature examples, ice melting and water boiling calculations, common mistakes, and a free calculator for checking by hand.
GuideRLC Circuit Impedance & Resonance: Series, Parallel, Phasors & Q Factor
Master RLC circuit analysis: impedance formulas Z = √(R² + (X_L - X_C)²), resonance frequency f₀ = 1/(2π√LC), series voltage magnification (V_L = V_C = Q×V), parallel antiresonance, phasor diagrams, power factor, and lab hand calculations.
GuideThin-Lens Calculations: Signs, Magnification and Ray Diagrams
Master the thin lens formula (1/a + 1/b = 1/f) and magnification equation (m = -b/a) with intuitive sign conventions. Covers convex vs. concave lenses, focal length signs, real vs. virtual image decision tables, the three principal rays, magnifying glasses, and Bessel’s conjugate point method.
GuideProjectile Motion & Horizontal Launch: Formulas, Steps & Examples
Solve projectile motion and horizontal launches by separating horizontal constant-velocity motion from vertical constant-acceleration motion. Covers time of flight, peak height, range, elevated launches from cliffs, why 45 degrees maximizes range, and energy-conservation verification with worked examples.
GuideYoung’s Experiment and Diffraction Gratings: Worked Calculations
Master the physics of Young’s double-slit experiment (fringe spacing Δx = Lλ/d) and diffraction gratings (d sin θ = mλ). Step-by-step geometric and binomial derivations of optical path differences, bright/dark fringe conditions, glass slide shifts, liquid immersion effects, and maximum order limits.
GuideHalf-Life Calculation: Formula, Examples, and Common Mistakes
Calculate remaining amount, elapsed time and half-life with N = N₀(1/2)^(t/T). Worked examples with carbon-14 and cobalt-60, log₂ back-calculation, and common mistakes such as using e^(−t/T) or confusing half-life with mean life.
GuideHow to Find the Equivalent Resistance: Series and Parallel Circuits
Learn the two rules of equivalent resistance — series adds up (R = R₁ + R₂ + …) and parallel combines reciprocals (1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …) — with fully substituted examples, why parallel shrinks the total, and how to tackle mixed circuits.
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